Through examining these, the paper shows how global actors are increasingly involved in low-carbon transformation, use places such as Mbale as spaces of experimentation and dominate the governing of this restructuring. The paper asserts that a UPE approach to how urban carbon governance is materialised advances three particular concerns the governing of urban circulation, carbon capital and socio-material relations. This paper examines the low-carbon restructuring of the waste system in Mbale, Uganda, a town struggling to address its socio-ecological futures. Despite some attention across urban studies, the need to interrogate how new forms of urban carbon governance are transforming infrastructure space remains pressing. The role of urban regions in action on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has become increasingly central to global urban governance over the past 20 years and particularly after new promises and agreements made at COP21. However, general trends such as decreasing costs of renewables, a decreasing dependency on fossil fuels imports, additional liquidity for energy infrastructure due to fuel costs savings, and remuneration schemes for renewables are all promising for decarbonisation efforts and low-carbon energy transformation. CO2 emissions and the use of fossil fuels are still high in these countries. The assessment shows that the above countries are not on the path to achieve the Paris Agreement target. In this article, we review the current energy situation, low-carbon energy targets and challenges to low-carbon energy transformation in each country and provide an overview of general trends and key factors in this transformation. Considering the population, the CO2 emissions, and the share of their GDP in world economy, actions in these countries regarding fighting climate change and promoting low-carbon energy transformations have global consequences and are key to realization of 2015 Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (e.g., SDG7 and SDG13). Economically, in the same year they represented 20% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). These countries were responsible for about 36% of the world’s CO2 emissions in 2018. Approximately 40% of the world’s population lived in China, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan in 2021.

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